The exceptions to this design are the Birchirs, Paddlefishes and Sturgeons (these are among the most ancient and primitive of the bony fishes and still retain the larger upper lobe to the caudal fin) and some of the flying fish, in which the lower lobe of the caudal fin is larger. Fig. 4.22 B). This enables wrasses to remain motionless and still get oxygen. Pelvic fins of some fishes such as clingfishes (family Gobiesocidae) use as sucking appendage, which helps a fish hold on to stationary objects on the ocean bottom. Research on fossilized fish from the late Devonian period, roughly 375 million years ago, details the evolution of fins as they began to transition into limbs fit for walking on land. 4.35.). The location, shape, and anatomy of fish fins are very important. Blood carries waste products and excess salts to the gill filaments. Another network of tubes, called lymph ducts, picks up the liquid that passes out of the capillaries and collects in parts of the fish’s body. Their fins contain spines or rays. For every type of fin, there are a number of fish species in which this particular fin has been lost during evolution. The gas bladder is a special, gas filled chamber in a fish’s body cavity. The retina is a light-sensitive membrane rich in nerves that connect to the optic lobes of the brain by optic nerves. Open water fishes are usually built for speed, streamlined like torpedoes to minimise friction as they move through the water.
The gills are also part of the excretory system.
Water is always leaving their bodies. The circulatory system brings nutrients to cells and carries waste away from cells. In some species they are used to hold on to the substrate, while in others they allow the fish to walk – or even to fly.
The elephant fish use electric impulses to communicate. Gene Helfman, Bruce Collette, Douglas Facey, & Brian Bowen. In rays, the pectoral fins have connected to the head and are very flexible. 4.47). Other fishes, like fast-swimming tunas, move mostly with their caudal fin but use long, thin pectoral fins for steering. Student Objectives. Male cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays), as well as the males of some live-bearing ray finned fishes, have fins that have been modified to function as intromittent organs, reproductive appendages which allow internal fertilization. [74] What had become walking limbs in cetaceans and seals evolved independently into new forms of swimming fins. Types of scales also correspond to evolutionary relationships (Fig. 4.30 C). Just as a map uses north, south, east, or west to help determine the location, orientation words are useful in describing anatomy.
You guessed it: blue. They also evolved pectoral fins, that work much the way the wings of a bird or an aeroplane do. Faster-swimming fishes reduce water drag by tucking in their dorsal fins while swimming. These are abilities which have greatly increased the habitats they can take advantage of and undoubtedly contributed considerably to their being the most numerous group of vertebrates on the planet. An adipose fin is a small fin without any strengthening rays, that is only found in a few groups of fish such as the Myctophidae, Osmeridae and Salmonidae as well as some catfish.
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