Per a l'Església Catòlica, doctrina és tota veritat ensenyada per l'Església com necessària de creure. A nivell jurídic, tècnicament una doctrina és el conjunt d'opinions efectuades en la interpretació de les normes pels coneixedors del dret i forma part de les fonts del dret, encara que en un lloc molt secundari. As a result of these tragic conditions, a militant minority, exploiting human want and misery, was able to create political chaos which, until now, has made economic recovery impossible. We have in the past advised tolerance, and we advise tolerance now. La Doctrina Monroe promulgada en 1823 en resposta a l'amenaça que suposava la restauració monàrquica a Europa i la Santa Aliança. La Doctrina Truman de la necessitat la … The seeds of totalitarian regimes are nurtured by misery and want. És pròpia de maneres de fer d'algunes organitzacions, com empreses i alguns partits polítics, algunes religions i maneres de transmetre coneixements i valors, per exemple. Address before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947. https://en.wikisource.org/w/index.php?title=Truman_Doctrine&oldid=3741030, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License. The circumstances in which Turkey finds itself today are considerably different from those of Greece. They spread and grow in the evil soil of poverty and strife. La doctrina i l'adoctrinament han adquirit noves connotacions durant el segle xxi quan s'usa relativa a l'educació. Great responsibilities have been placed upon us by the swift movement of events. Aquestes directrius van acabar tenint una forta tendència anticomunista donat el context històric, fins a tal punt d'un fanatisme perseguidor de qualsevol moviment dins el mar de l'esquerra política. One way of life is based upon the will of the majority, and is distinguished by free institutions, representative government, free elections, guarantees of individual liberty, freedom of speech and religion, and freedom from political oppression. This page was last edited on 13 April 2012, at 19:47. Greece must have help to import the goods necessary to restore internal order and security, so essential for economic and political recovery. And during the war, the United States and Great Britain furnished Turkey with material aid. These are indispensable for the subsistence of its people and are obtainable only from abroad. Turkey has been spared the disasters that have beset Greece. Aunque no se menciona directamente, fue además una advertencia velada hecha a la Unión Soviética por su política de expansión del comunismo en Europa. Meanwhile, the Greek Government is unable to cope with the situation. Greece is today without funds to finance the importation of those goods which are essential to bare subsistence. The British government has informed us that, owing to its own difficulties can no longer extend financial or economic aid to Turkey. Collapse of free institutions and loss of independence would be disastrous not only for them but for the world. Great Britain finds itself under the necessity of reducing or liquidating its commitments in several parts of the world, including Greece. Lack of sufficient natural resources has always forced the Greek people to work hard to make both ends meet. The Government of Greece is not perfect. 5 min. Preliminary reports from the American Economic Mission now in Greece and reports from the American Ambassador in Greece corroborate the statement of the Greek Government that assistance is imperative if Greece is to survive as a free nation. Es tracta de moviments que presenten característiques o formes que permeten incloure'ls en totes aquestes definicions, sense poder tancar-los completament en cap d'elles. Per això, aquests conjunts de pensament es defineixen sovint simplement com a "ensenyaments" o "doctrines"; per exemple, a la Xina, el daoisme, el confucianisme i el budisme s'anomenen "les tres doctrines" (Enciclopèdia Argos, volum 10-29 "Filosofia y religión", capítol 275); sense que aquestes darreres impliquin, en principi, cap obligació de creença o de comportament. One aspect of the present situation, which I wish to present to you at this time for your consideration and decision, concerns Greece and Turkey. This was a fundamental issue in the war with Germany and Japan. La pàgina va ser modificada per darrera vegada el 26 set 2020 a les 11:44. o bé "filosofies"? Doctrina Truman a derivat din evenimentele din Grecia, unde comuniștii încercau să răstoarne monarhia și guvernul legal ales. Per exemple, estudiar teologia pot considerar-se com un procés d'adoctrinament, mentre que l'equivalent educatiu no adoctrinal seria permetre que l'infant desenvolupi la seva pròpia curiositat pel món exterior. Our victory was won over countries which sought to impose their will, and their way of life, upon other nations. Greece is not a rich country. I therefore ask the Congress to provide authority for assistance to Greece and Turkey in the amount of $400,000,000 for the period ending June 30, 1948. The choice is too often not a free one. I believe that it must be the policy of the United States to support free peoples who are resisting attempted subjugation by armed minorities or by outside pressures. To ensure the peaceful development of nations, free from coercion, the United States has taken a leading part in establishing the United Nations, The United Nations is designed to make possible lasting freedom and independence for all its members. We must take immediate and resolute action. It is important to note that the Greek Government has asked for our aid in utilizing effectively the financial and other assistance we may give to Greece, and in improving its public administration. The Greek Government has been operating in an atmosphere of chaos and extremism. It relies upon terror and oppression, a controlled press and radio; fixed elections, and the suppression of personal freedoms. Mail, Gaudeix d'eines exclusives i molts avantatges més, Explora totes les activitats i descomptes disponibles, "Sánchez aprovarà el toc de queda si el PP hi dona suport", portada d''El País', La decapitació del professor remou les pors de França, Viatge musical de Galícia a Portugal amb parada a Lleida. Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Congress of the United States: The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a joint session of the Congress. The British Government, which has been helping Greece, can give no further financial or economic aid after March 31. The second way of life is based upon the will of a minority forcibly imposed upon the majority. The United States must supply that assistance. Una doctrina, a la societat occidental actual, és un conjunt coherent de posicions i instruccions basades en un sistema de creences o principis respecte a una matèria, sovint amb la pretensió de possessió de veritat general. It is of the utmost importance that we supervise the use of any funds made available to Greece; in such a manner that each dollar spent will count toward making Greece self-supporting, and will help to build an economy in which a healthy democracy can flourish. They reach their full growth when the hope of a people for a better life has died. Finally, I ask that the Congress provide authority which will permit the speediest and most effective use, in terms of needed commodities, supplies, and equipment, of such funds as may be authorized. I must also state that in a number of other countries there have been similar developments. We have condemned in the past, and we condemn now, extremist measures of the right or the left. Trupele britanice, care ajutaseră la eliberarea Greciei de germani în 1944, restauraseră monarhia, dar aveau reale dificultăți în a o susține în lupta împotriva comuniștilor greci, ajutați de cei din Iugoslavia , Bulgaria și Albania , din ordinul Moscovei . But the situation is an urgent one requiring immediate action and the United Nations and its related organizations are not in a position to extend help of the kind that is required. As in the case of Greece, if Turkey is to have the assistance it needs, the United States must supply it. Doctrina de la destrucció mútua assegurada, doctrina conservadora social progressista, https://ca.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Doctrina&oldid=25055987, Articles sense referències des d'agost de 2020, Pàgines amb enllaç commonscat des de Wikidata, Llicència de Creative Commons Reconeixement i Compartir-Igual. The future of Turkey as an independent and economically sound state is clearly no less important to the freedom-loving peoples of the world than the future of Greece. We must keep that hope alive. The assistance that I am recommending for Greece and Turkey amounts to little more than 1 tenth of 1 per cent of this investment. The United States contributed $341,000,000,000 toward winning World War II. L'hinduisme, el jainisme, el xintoisme, però sobretot el daoisme, el budisme o el ioga: són "religions"? JOAQUIM COELLO Enginyer naval. On this subject the Executive and Legislative branches of the Government must work together. A Commission appointed by the United Nations security Council is at present investigating disturbed conditions in northern Greece and alleged border violations along the frontier between Greece on the one hand and Albania, Bulgaria, and Yugoslavia on the other. The peoples of a number of countries of the world have recently had totalitarian regimes forced upon them against their will. The Greek Government has also asked for the assistance of experienced American administrators, economists and technicians to insure that the financial and other aid given to Greece shall be used effectively in creating a stable and self-sustaining economy and in improving its public administration. The Government of the United States has made frequent protests against coercion and intimidation, in violation of the Yalta agreement, in Poland, Rumania, and Bulgaria. Guarda. Whatsapp It would be an unspeakable tragedy if these countries, which have struggled so long against overwhelming odds, should lose that victory for which they sacrificed so much. We have considered how the United Nations might assist in this crisis. At the present moment in world history nearly every nation must choose between alternative ways of life. 21/08/2017 22:10. title; title; Ja en tinc un Crear-ne un gratis. The Greek army is small and poorly equipped. No government is perfect. La nova doctrina Truman. I am fully aware of the broad implications involved if the United States extends assistance to Greece and Turkey, and I shall discuss these implications with you at this time. Doctrines polítiques. When forces of liberation entered Greece they found that the retreating Germans had destroyed virtually all the railways, roads, port facilities, communications, and merchant marine. Comparteix Facebook Twitter Whatsapp Mail. I would not recommend it except that the alternative is much more serious. Greece's neighbor, Turkey, also deserves our attention. This is no more than a frank recognition that totalitarian regimes imposed on free peoples, by direct or indirect aggression, undermine the foundations of international peace and hence the security of the United States. In requesting these funds, I have taken into consideration the maximum amount of relief assistance which would be furnished to Greece out of the $350,000,000 which I recently requested that the Congress authorize for the prevention of starvation and suffering in countries devastated by the war. One of the primary objectives of the foreign policy of the United States is the creation of conditions in which we and other nations will be able to work out a way of life free from coercion. Address before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947. Download PDF: Sorry, we are unable to provide the full text but you may find it at the following location(s): https://dialnet.unirioja.es/se... (external link) There is no other country to which democratic Greece can turn. o més aviat "tècniques" o "pràctiques"? One of the chief virtues of a democracy, however, is that its defects are always visible and under democratic processes can be pointed out and corrected. A la Xina i al Japó, Dao o Do signifiquen simultàniament "el Tot" i el "camí" per a arribar-hi. If we falter in our leadership, we may endanger the peace of the world -- and we shall surely endanger the welfare of our own nation. The very existence of the Greek state is today threatened by the terrorist activities of several thousand armed men, led by Communists, who defy the government's authority at a number of points, particularly along the northern boundaries. The foreign policy and the national security of this country are involved. The free peoples of the world look to us for support in maintaining their freedoms. Mr. President, Mr. Speaker, Members of the Congress of the United States: The gravity of the situation which confronts the world today necessitates my appearance before a joint session of the Congress. Discouragement and possibly failure would quickly be the lot of neighboring peoples striving to maintain their freedom and independence. Satisfà un dels punts següents: En cada cas, la qual cosa ho constituïx doctrina és l'autoritat de l'Església que ho ensenya i ha de ser cregut. Inflation had wiped out practically all savings. Should we fail to aid Greece and Turkey in this fateful hour, the effect will be far reaching to the West as well as to the East. We shall not realize our objectives, however, unless we are willing to help free peoples to maintain their free institutions and their national integrity against aggressive movements that seek to impose upon them totalitarian regimes. No other nation is willing and able to provide the necessary support for a democratic Greek government. In addition to funds, I ask the Congress to authorize the detail of American civilian and military personnel to Greece and Turkey, at the request of those countries, to assist in the tasks of reconstruction, and for the purpose of supervising the use of such financial and material assistance as may be furnished. This is an investment in world freedom and world peace. La doctrina Truman fue un conjunto de medidas originadas por los Estados Unidos, en 1947, luego de la Segunda Guerra Mundial. Nevertheless it represents eighty-five per cent of the members of the Greek Parliament who were chosen in an election last year. I do not believe that the American people and the Congress wish to turn a deaf ear to the appeal of the Greek Government. It has made mistakes. The foreign policy and the national security of this country are involved. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. Con estas medidas se pretendía apoyar a los pueblos libres , es decir, a aquellos que se resistían a intentos de sometimiento por minorías armadas o presiones exteriores que, a su vez, representaban una amenaza para el capitalismo de Estados Unidos. It is only common sense that we should safeguard this investment and make sure that it was not in vain. Since 1940, this industrious and peace loving country has suffered invasion, four years of cruel enemy occupation, and bitter internal strife. The world is not static, and the status quo is not sacred. El món ja no és bipolar com fins ara -URSS i EUA, comunisme i lliure mercat-, sinó tripolar, Ja en tinc un Greece must have assistance if it is to become a self-supporting and self-respecting democracy. In helping free and independent nations to maintain their freedom, the United States will be giving effect to the principles of the Charter of the United Nations. We are the only country able to provide that help. This is a serious course upon which we embark. If further funds, or further authority, should be needed for purposes indicated in this message, I shall not hesitate to bring the situation before the Congress. It needs supplies and equipment if it is to restore the authority of the government throughout Greek territory. El món ja no és bipolar com fins ara -URSS i EUA, comunisme i lliure mercat-, sinó tripolar. Doctrina de la neurona, de Santiago Ramón i Cajal, va romandre com a tal durant molts anys, i encara ocupa moltes pàgines en llibres d'anatomia com el Testut francés. A Orient es produeix un fenomen no gaire fàcil a resoldre amb la terminologia occidental habitual. I recommend that authority also be provided for the instruction and training of selected Greek and Turkish personnel. En l'educació actual, a la societat occidental, teòricament es busca que la persona a educar romanga el més externament possible als coneixements proposats mentre que en l'adoctrinament roman dins del cos de coneixements o creences i absorbeix les seues ensenyances. La doctrina Truman fue el nombre dado a la política exterior anunciada por el presidente de Estados Unidos Harry Truman durante un discurso pronunciado el 12 de marzo de 1947 en el Congreso. Moreover, the disappearance of Greece as an independent state would have a profound effect upon those countries in Europe whose peoples are struggling against great difficulties to maintain their freedoms and their independence while they repair the damages of war. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. But we cannot allow changes in the status quo in violation of the Charter of the United Nations by such methods as coercion, or by such subterfuges as political infiltration. Livestock, poultry, and draft animals had almost disappeared. It is necessary only to glance at a map to realize that the survival and integrity of the Greek nation are of grave importance in a much wider situation. Esta ensenyança pot donar-se solemnement, per pronunciaments ex cathedra per part del papa, o bé pel magisteri ordinari: en l'exercici de l'Església de la seua autoritat peremnia per a ensenyar. If Greece should fall under the control of an armed minority, the effect upon its neighbor, Turkey, would be immediate and serious. We have already extended to Greece certain types of relief and economic aid but these are inadequate. Since the war Turkey has sought financial assistance from Great Britain and the United States for the purpose of effecting that modernization necessary for the maintenance of its national integrity. Nevertheless, Turkey now needs our support. Under these circumstances the people of Greece cannot make progress in solving their problems of reconstruction. The extension of aid by this country does not mean that the United States condones everything that the Greek Government has done or will do. Doctrina de la destrucció mútua assegurada, dels temps de la Guerra Freda. Crear-ne un gratis, Comparteix Greece is in desperate need of financial and economic assistance to enable it to resume purchases of food, clothing, fuel and seeds. The United States has received from the Greek Government an urgent appeal for financial and economic assistance. Foreign observers, including 692 Americans, considered this election to be a fair expression of the views of the Greek people. Eighty-five per cent of the children were tubercular. Twitter That integrity is essential to the preservation of order in the Middle East. La Doctrina Truman establia que els Estats Units podien donar suport a "persones lliures que estan resistint els intents de domini per minories armades o per pressions exteriors". I am confident that the Congress will face these responsibilities squarely. Truman Doctrine by Harry S. Truman. Facebook El mot en català "doctrina" deriva del llatí doctrina, amb el mateix significat. A l'Índia, per exemple, hom utilitza la paraula "dharma" per a definir els diferents ensenyaments que, suposadament, revelen una veritat i ensenyen un sistema d'actes a practicar per a copsar i apropar-se d'aquesta veritat. És corrent, als països orientals, que un mateix individu practiqui alhora ritus pertanyents a diverses confessions o "doctrines". Confusion and disorder might well spread throughout the entire Middle East. More than a thousand villages had been burned.
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