Similarly, if Turkey yielded to Soviet demands, the position of Greece would be endangered. "'Another Such Victory': President Truman, American Foreign Policy, and the Cold War. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947, and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey. [1]:553–4[15]:129 Increased American aid helped defeat the KKE, after interim defeats for government forces from 1946 to 1948. In February 1947, Britain formally requested for the United States to take over its role in supporting the royalist Greek government. Truman responded that, as Vandenberg had suggested, his request would only be approved if he played up the threat. [5], The Truman Doctrine became a metaphor for aid to keep a nation from communist influence. It echoed the "quarantine the aggressor" policy Truman's predecessor, Franklin D. Roosevelt, had sought to impose to contain German and Japanese expansion in 1937 ("quarantine" suggested the role of public health officials handling an infectious disease). It dealt with Washington's concern over communism's domino effect, it enabled a media-sensitive presentation of the doctrine that won bipartisan support, and it mobilized American economic power to modernize and stabilize unstable regions without direct military intervention. [15]:127 Truman laid the groundwork for his request by having key congressional leaders meet with himself, Secretary of State George Marshall, and Undersecretary of State Dean Acheson. It was announced to Congress by President Harry S. Truman on March 12, 1947,[1] and further developed on July 4, 1948, when he pledged to contain the communist uprisings in Greece and Turkey.
[8] With the full outbreak of civil war (1946–49), guerrilla forces controlled by the Greek Communist Party sustained a revolt against the internationally recognized Greek government which was formed after 1946 elections boycotted by the KKE. [4] The policy won the support of Republicans who controlled Congress and involved sending $400 million in American money but no military forces to the region. I believe that we must assist free peoples to work out their own destinies in their own way. At the conclusion of World War II, Turkey was pressured by the Soviet government to allow Russian shipping to flow freely through the Turkish Straits, which connected the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Hinds, Lynn Boyd, and Theodore Otto Windt Jr. Iatrides, John O. and Nicholas X. Rizopoulos. [5] It shifted American foreign policy toward the Soviet Union from an anti-fascist alliance to a policy of containment of Soviet expansion as advocated by diplomat George Kennan. Turkey received $100 million in economic and military aid and the U.S. Navy sent the Midway-class aircraft carrier USS Franklin D. Roosevelt.
Barın Kayaoğlu, "Strategic imperatives, Democratic rhetoric: The United States and Turkey, 1945–52.". Because Turkey and Greece were historic rivals, it was considered necessary to help both equally even though the crisis in Greece was far more intense. "[15]:129, The doctrine endured, historian Dennis Merill argues, because it addressed broader cultural insecurity regarding modern life in a globalized world.
[1]:548[15]:129 Influential columnist Walter Lippmann was more skeptical, noting the open-ended nature of Truman's pledge; he felt so strongly that he almost came to blows while arguing with Acheson over the doctrine.
– En la estrategia de controlar esta región, el otro país clave era Grecia, que limita con el mar Egeo. The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to contain Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. [5] To Truman, the growing unrest in Greece began to look like a pincer movement against the oil-rich areas of the Middle East and the warm-water ports of the Mediterranean. The British realized that the KKE were being directly funded by Josip Broz Tito in neighboring Yugoslavia. "[2] Truman contended that because totalitarian regimes coerced free peoples, they automatically represented a threat to international peace and the national security of the United States. It brought nation-building activities and modernization programs to the forefront of foreign policy.
"Reconsiderations: Was the Truman Doctrine a Real Turning Point?". Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey.
[6], Seven weeks after the Axis powers abandoned Greece in October 1944, the British helped retake Athens from the victorious National Liberation Front (EAM), controlled effectively by the Greek Communist Party (KKE). [1]:546, On March 12, 1947, Truman appeared before a joint session of Congress. [7] The left-wing attempted to retaliate, but were outgunned by the British-backed government and subjected to the White Terror. [16]:616 In May 1947, two months after Truman's request, a large majority of Congress approved $400 million in military and economic aid to Greece and Turkey. [14], To pass any legislation Truman needed the support of the Republicans, who controlled both houses of Congress. In his eighteen-minute speech, he stated:.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 40px}.mw-parser-output .templatequote .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;padding-left:1.6em;margin-top:0}. I believe that our help should be primarily through economic and financial aid which is essential to economic stability and orderly political processes. "[15]:127–8 On March 7, Acheson warned Truman that Greece could fall to the communists within weeks without outside aid. [16]:616–17 The Truman Doctrine was the first in a series of containment moves by the United States, followed by economic restoration of Western Europe through the Marshall Plan and military containment by the creation of NATO in 1949. Los objetivos de la doctrina Truman fueron los siguientes: – Evitar que la Unión Soviética dominara la ruta que conduce de Europa del Este a Europa occidental a través del canal marítimo del mar Negro, el mar Egeo y luego el mar Mediterráneo.
More generally, the Truman Doctrine implied American support for other nations thought to be threatened by Soviet communism. [1]:545, When a draft for Truman's address was circulated to policymakers, Marshall, Kennan, and others criticized it for containing excess "rhetoric."
Vandenberg was impressed, and advised Truman to appear before Congress and "scare the hell out of the American people. Anti-communists in both parties supported both Truman's proposed aid package and the doctrine behind it, and Collier's described it as a "popularity jackpot" for the President. The Truman Doctrine arose from a speech delivered by President Truman before a joint session of Congress on March 12, 1947.The immediate cause for the speech was a recent announcement by the British Government that, as of March 31, it would no longer provide military and economic assistance to the Greek Government in its civil war against the Greek Communist Party. [11], In February 1946, Kennan, an American diplomat in Moscow, sent his famed "Long Telegram", which predicted the Soviets would only respond to force and that the best way to handle them would be through a long-term strategy of containment, that is stopping their geographical expansion.
Aid would be given to both Greece and Turkey, to help cool the long-standing rivalry between them. Greece and Turkey were strategic allies important for geographical reasons as well, for the fall of Greece would put the Soviets on a particularly dangerous flank for the Turks, and strengthen the Soviet Union's ability to cut off allied supply lines in the event of war.
"Kennan, 'Universalism,' and the Truman Doctrine,", Gaddis, John Lewis. For years, the United Kingdom had supported Greece, but was now near bankruptcy and was forced to radically reduce its involvement. By framing ideological differences in life or death terms, Truman was able to garner support for this communism-containing policy.[17].
"Congress and the Origins of the Cold War: The Truman Doctrine,", Frazier, Robert. "The International Dimension of the Greek Civil War.
Direct American military force was usually not involved, but Congress appropriated financial aid to support the economies and militaries of Greece and Turkey. The postwar period from 1946 started with a "multi-party period" and the Democratic Party government of Adnan Menderes.
En definitiva, a través de la doctrina Truman, Estados …
The Truman Doctrine was an American foreign policy whose stated purpose was to contain Soviet geopolitical expansion during the Cold War. This began with a mass killing of largely unarmed EAM supporters known as the Dekemvriana on December 3. Esta política comenzó a conocerse como la Doctrina Truman. The Truman Doctrine became the foundation of American foreign policy, and led, in 1949, to the formation of NATO, a military alliance that still exists. He argued that if Greece and Turkey did not receive the aid, they would inevitably fall to communism with grave consequences throughout the region.
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